Multiple prognathous lineages of Hymenoptera have independently evolved a biology that entails chewing through dense plant matter, whether that be wood or, in the case of many Chalcidoidea, figs. This syndrome of cellulose-chewing prognathy has evolved repeatedly in the Formicoidea and Chalcidoidea. I am leading a project that will use micro-CT to document and compare skeletomuscular adaptation in the crania of these insects, using this phenomenon as a template for understanding evolutionary parallelism in morphology.